Porcine dynorphin A (1-13) is a potent, endogenous κ opioid receptor agonist and is antinociceptive at physiological concentrations. Exposure to dynorphin A (1-13) causes acute increases in [Ca2+]i in individual neurons similar to increases seen with acute NMDA treatment.

Sodium Tartrate is a food additive used as an emulsifier and binding agent in food products.

5-Aminofluorescein (5-AF) is a fluorescence marker, covalently bound to human serum albumin. The excitation wavelength is 490 nm and the emission wavelength is 515 nm.